Folding on Topological Graphs and Their Fundamental Group
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v18i3.6611Keywords:
Topological graph, Dual topological graph, Folding, Fundamental groupAbstract
We introduce the effect of folding on the fundamental groups of a connected topological graph and its dual graph. We will deduce the limit of folding on the fundamental group of a topological graph and its duality. We obtain the relations between the induced folding and the induced retraction on the fundamental group. We apply retraction and folding operations to reduce the size of the graph while preserving its essential structural properties, which can assist us in developing mathematical software.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Abu Saleem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Upon acceptance of an article by the European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, the author(s) retain the copyright to the article. However, by submitting your work, you agree that the article will be published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows others to copy, distribute, and adapt your work, provided proper attribution is given to the original author(s) and source. However, the work cannot be used for commercial purposes.
By agreeing to this statement, you acknowledge that:
- You retain full copyright over your work.
- The European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics will publish your work under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- This license allows others to use and share your work for non-commercial purposes, provided they give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and source.